온도는 다음과 같이 정의된다.
$$ T=\frac{mv^2}{3k_B} $$
$T$ : 절대온도 [K] $m$ : 질량 [kg] $v$ : 속도 [m/s] $k_B$ : 볼츠만 상수 [J/K]
온도를 낮추기 위한 방법이 몇 가지 존재한다: cooling on a dipole forbidden quadrupole transition, cooling by stimulated Raman transitions, cooling utilizing electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT cooling).
Trapped Ion Cooling, Heating, and Thermometry
thesis paper, Indiana University. 193pages.
Quantum dynamics of single trapped atomic ions
Trapped Ions and Laser Cooling III
Bergquist, Bollinger, Itano, Wineland (1992)